Libya: Leptis Magna

There were three main Roman cities in the African continent along the Mediterranean coast of the present day Libya – Oaea (Tripoli), Sabratha, and Leptis Magna. Leptis Magna was founded by Phoenicians around the 7th century BC, it became a major trading hub under Roman rule. Its strategic position on the Mediterranean coast facilitated commerce across the empire, dealing olive oil, grain, and exotic animals for gladiatorial games. The city flourished under Emperor Septimius Severus (he was actually born in Leptis Magna, and filled in 193–211 AD), who funded extensive construction. One of the most impressive monuments in Leptis Magna (and the one you see first) is the Arch of Septimius Severus (which he built and dedicated to himself) in 203 AD. This triumphal arch stands at the intersection of the city’s main roads and is tetrapylon (four-sided) and features four massive arches clad in white marble and elevated on a base to dominate the landscape. Intricate reliefs depict military victories, imperial processions, and sacrificial scenes. Beyond the arch there are Roman baths, streets packed with columns, basilica, and much more, all the way to the sea! The city’s harbor, enhanced by artificial basins, was a marvel of Roman engineering. Leptis Magna declined after the 4th century AD due to Vandal invasions and sand encroachment. It was only rediscovered in the 17th century and excavated extensively in the 20th century, revealing well-preserved ruins,l. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.